by Content Team

15 January 2024

Blockchain

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Recap

In our previous article (Review of Private and Permissioned blockchain), we discussed the differences between private and permissioned blockchain networks.

In this article, we learn how to set up a local private Ethereum network.

Setting up a local private Ethereum blockchain

In addition to the enterprise needs of a private blockchain, there are other reasons for setting up a local private Ethereum blockchain.

As we discussed before smart contracts are immutable and can be very costly once deployed to the Ethereum mainnet. It is always recommended to follow the best practices in coding, security, and economics, and have the code thoroughly tested before it is deployed on the Ethereum network. With a local private blockchain, it makes it easy and convenient for the developers to test smart contracts and simulate the contract’s behaviors. You can even deploy smart contracts to the single instance of a local Ethereum blockchain without running a full node.

In this article, we will show you how to create multiple local nodes and configure and establish the private blockchain, as well as set up mining on the private chain.
In the context of trust model for permissioned blockchain, everyone in a permissioned network is properly identified and not pseudonymous. Therefore, proof of work mining, which will limit 51% takeover, is not required. Unless and until permissioned blockchain gets large enough and it looks like a permissionless network, mining will be necessary again.

Private blockchains without mining

By creating the genesis block, we will create our private blockchain. The following steps are all you will need to run a non-mining private Ethereum blockchain:

Set up the environment.
Configure the custom genesis file.
Run Geth.

Setting up the environment

We are going to run the Ethereum client Geth to create a private blockchain with only one user: ourselves. Let’s get started:

1. First, open up a Terminal window and navigate to any directory that you want. From there, we are going to create the hello_world directory to host the data of the two blocks, as follows:

$ mkdir hello_world

2. We will also create a subdirectory under hello_world to host all the logs. First, navigate to the directory we just created, that is, hello_world. Next, a directory named logs , as follows:

$ cd hello_world
  $ mkdir logs

With the directories created, we have set up the environment to configure the genesis file. Let’s move on to the next step.

Configuring the custom genesis file

A genesis block is the starting point of every blockchain. We can configure a genesis block through customizing a genesis.json file. There are a few components to be configured within the file, including a config struct for initializing the blockchain, and alloc to allocate the initial funds. In addition to that, there are a few other configuration parameters for mining and gas limits.
The following is the config structure definition in Geth:

The genesis.json file of a private blockchain can be configured as follows:

 {
  "config":{ "chainId":0205718128,
  "homesteadBlock":0, "eip155Block":0, "eip158Block":0
  },
  "alloc":{}
  }

Let’s take a look at the preceding code:

config: This section holds the main blockchain configuration information. It has properties such as chainID, homesteadBlock, eip155Block, and eip158Block. With the exception of config, particular protocol upgrades will be available immediately.
alloc: This section is for prefunding the accounts on the blockchain.

In order to keep our blockchain private, we need to customize the genesis block in the genesis.json configuration file:

For the private blockchain, set homesteadblock as 0.
It’s also very important to supply a network ID that’s different from the default value of 1 for the main Ethereum network.
If you don’t plan to prefund the blockchain, the alloc struct can be kept blank.

In the hello_world directory, let’s save the genesis.json sample to a file named the same as genesis.json. You can create the file and write it using the editor of your choice. If you happen to use vim, the command is as follows:

  $ vi genesis.json

Right now, we have saved the starting point of a private chain to the environment that we set up. We will use this genesis block to create a database in the next article.

In our next article (How to Run Geth on a Local Private Ethereum Blockchain), we discuss how to setup and run Geth on a local private Ethereum network.

This article is written in collaboration with Brian Wu who is a leading author of “Learn Ethereum: Build your own decentralized applications with Ethereum and smart contracts” book. He has written 7 books on blockchain development.

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